Lecture topics

Weekly schedule of lectures:

Biochemistry 1.:

Week	Topic
Week 1.	Introduction. Internal environment, homeostasis. Isotonia, isoionia.
Week 2.	Isohydria. Buffer systems. Structure of the biological membranes.
Week 3.	Transports across the biological membranes. General characteristics of proteins.
Week 4.	Classification and structure of proteinogenic amino acids. Peptide bond. Structure of proteins. Denaturation and renaturation of proteins.
Week 5.	Classification of proteins. Collagen, elastin, keratin. Characterization of enzymes. Mechanism of enzyme action. Reversibility of enzymatic reactions.
Week 6.	Factors influencing the velocity of enzymatic reactions. Regulation of enzyme activities. Zymogens, isoenzymes.
Week 7.	Nomenclature, classification and cellular localization of enzymes. Molecular biology. Structure of nucleotides.
Week 8.	De novo synthesis and degradation of purine nucleotides. De novo synthesis and of pyrimidine nucleotides.
Week 9.	Degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides. Salvage pathways of nucleotide metabolism. Synthesis and degradation of deoxyribonucleotides.
Week 10.	Structure and function of DNA. Replication of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Week 11.	Mutations, repair mechanisms. Transcription and its regulation in prokaryotes.
Week 12.	Transcription and its regulation in eukaryotes. Influencing of gene expression. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms.
Week 13.	Translation. Structure of the ribosomes. Activation of amino acids. Initiation of the translation.
Week 14.	Elongation and termination of the translation. Posttranslational modifications and transport of proteins.
Week 15.	Recombinant DNA technology and biotechnology.

Biochemistry 2.:

Week	Topic
Week 1.	General introduction to the intermediary metabolism. Oxidative degradation of fuel molecules: anabolism and catabolism. Conservation of metabolic energy in the cell: high energy phosphates. Metabolism of creatine.
Week 2.	Carbohydrates: role, classification: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, homo- and heteropolysaccharides. Glycogen metabolism: Cori cycle, glycogenolysis, cAMP and cascade reaction of glycogen degradation, glycogenesis.
Week 3.	Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Pasteur effect, the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Citric acid cycle.
Week 4.	Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation. The pentose phosphate pathway. The blood sugar and its regulation. Metabolism of other monosaccharides: fructose, galactose.
Week 5.	Amino acid metabolism: transamination, oxidative deamination. Glucogenic, ketogenic, essential, non-essential amino acids. Detoxification of ammonia: urea cycle, ammonium ion formation. Decarboxylation of amino acids, most important peptides.
Week 6.	Structure of heme. Porphyrine metabolism: synthesis and degradation. Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Catalase, Peroxidase, Cytochromes. Iron metabolism. Role and chemical structure of lipids. Absorption and transport of lipids.
Week 7.	Lipolysis, degradation of fatty acids: beta-oxidation (even-, odd-carbon and unsaturated fatty acids). Degradation of glycerol, biosynthesis of oxaloacetate, ketogenesis, ketolysis.
Week 8.	Synthesis of fatty acids: even-carbon, odd-carbon, unsaturated fatty acids. Synthesis of glycerol. Biosynthesis of fats (lipids). Lipoids: phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, steroids: cholesterol, bile acids. Carotenoids.
Week 9.	Role of the liver: intermediary metabolism, secretion, detoxification: synthesis, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, conjugation. Biochemistry of muscle (striated, red, white and cardiac muscle), muscle proteins, muscle contraction. Biochemistry of brain and adipose tissue.
Week 10.	Carbohydrate metabolism of ruminants: Production and absorption of volatile fatty acids. Metabolism of the volatile fatty acids in the ruminants' tissues. Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in ruminants. Lipid metabolism of ruminants. Ketosis of the ruminants. Biochemistry of milk production.
Week 11.	Introduction of vitamins. Biochemistry of retinol (vitamin A) and calcipherol (vitamin D).
Week 12.	Biochemistry of tocopherol (vitamin E), phylloquinon (vitamin K), essential fatty acids and thiamine (vitamin B1).
Week 13.	Biochemistry of riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacinamide (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and pyridoxine (vitamin B6).
Week 14.	Biochemistry of biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid (vitamin B9) and cobalamin (vitamin B12).
Week 15.	Biochemistry of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and lipotropic factors (choline, inositol).